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THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES A MAJOR THEORETICAL AND ACADEMIC ISSUE IN 1989 - THE THEORY OF ENDISM. IT EXAMINES THREE MANIFESTATIONS OF ENDISM THE END OF THE COLD WAR, WARS AMONG NATION STATES, AND OF HISTORY. THE MESSAGE OF ENDISM IS "WE'VE WON!" WHICH PROVIDES AN ILLUSION OF WELL BEING, THE CONSEQUENCES OF WHICH ARE DANGEROUS AND SUBVERSIVE, TWO FALLACIES OF ENDISM ARE DETAILED AND IT CONCLUDES THAT TO HOPE FOR THE BENIGN END OF HISTORY IS HUMAN; TO EXPECT IT TO HAPPEN IS UNREALISTIC; AND TO PLAN ON IT HAPPENING IS DISASTROUS.

The events of 11 September 2001 redefined global security, announcing a new religiously motivated form of political violence. These attacks were one episode in a sophisticated paramilitary campaign, influencing events in the Middle East beyond Western control. This research paper examines the cause, revealing the organizational complexity of al Qaeda, the nature of its leadership, membership & motivations. Linking operational activities to clearly defined strategic goals, the group's emulation of Western doctrinal principles is apparent. Demonstrating how a coincidence of interests with fragile Islamic states has enabled global reach, it is contested that al Qaeda represents a blueprint for international terrorism in the 2lst Century. Adapted from the source document.

There are 3 widely-held theories of conservatism: (1) the aristocratic theory defines conservatism as the ideology of the European aristocracy in the 18th & 19th cent's. (2) The autonomous theory defines conservatism in terms of certain general values (such as order & balance) of universal applicability. (3) The situational theory defines it as the ideological response of the defenders of any existing soc order against any fundamental challenge to that order. The appearances of conservative thought in history & the inherent nature of that thought both suggest that the situational definition is the most accurate & the most useful one. Only this definition accounts for the absence of a substantive ideal in conservatism & the absence of a conservative intellectual tradition. Accepting this definition, conservatism has no place in America today in the struggles of one soc group against another, but it does have a relevant role in the defense of American liberal society as a whole against the challenge of the USSR & communism. Consequently, the liberals are the true conservatives in America today. AA-IPSA.

THIS ARTICLE IS A COPY OF FOUR REACTIONS TO RICHARCH H. KOHN'S ARTICLE IN THE SPRING 1994 ISSUE OF THE SAME JOURNAL. ALSO PRINTED IS A RESPONSE FROM THE AUTHOR. THE FIRST ARTICLE WAS ENTITLED, "OUT OF CONTROL: THE CRISIS IN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS." THE FOUR AUTHOR'S RESPONSES CONSISENTLY DENOUNCE ANY CLAIMS THAT THERE IS A CRISIS IN AMERICAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, CITING EXAMPLES OF THE HARMONY BETWEEN THESE BRANCHES DURING THE BUSH AND CLINTON ADMINISTRATIONS.

Defends US President George W. Bush's 2003 notion of a just war in a letter signed by 70 American intellectuals. It is contended that the US fights primarily to defend itself, but also to defend universal principles of human rights & to preserve access to liberty for all of humanity. Bush's concept of preventive warfare is supported via a combination of international human rights declarations & universal values inherent in Jewish, Christian, & Islamic religious doctrine. A historical argument is also used to defend the American idea of a just war, drawing on Abraham Lincoln's 1860 justification for the US Civil War. D. Bajo